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EEG Sleep Patterns After High Cervical Lesions in Man

W. R. Adey, MD; E. Bors, MD; R. W. Porter, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication May 13, 1968; accepted July 3.

Reprint requests to Department of Anatomy, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90024 (Dr. Adey).


Arch Neurol. 1968;19(4):377-383. doi:10.1001/archneur.1968.00480040043003
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EVOLUTION of sleep patterns as a primary component of sleep-wakefulness cycles has received much attention in recent years, from both phylogenetic1 and ontogenetic viewpoints.2 It has become clear that in the premature human infant there is a marked preponderance of "activated" sleep (rhombencephalic, or rapid eye movement [REM] sleep).3,4 This phase of sleep in the adult has been strongly associated with dreaming,5 and decreased REM sleep in the early postnatal period is associated with appearance of more finely graded sleep patterns which are thereafter separable into light, intermediate, deep, and dream phases.6

The role that such factors as somatic sensory influxes might play in maintenance of normal sleep patterns has not been extensively investigated. At a behavioral level, studied by Berger7 in our laboratory have indicated a relationship between conditioned eye movements in the waking state and the amount of eye movements in

REFERENCES

Klein, M.: Etude polygraphique et phylogenique des états de sommeil, thesis, Lyon, 1963.
Valatx, J.-L.: Ontogenèse des Différents Etats de Sommeil, thesis, Lyon, 1963.
Parmelee, A.H., et al:  Sleep States in Premature Infants , Develop Med Child Neurol 9:70-77 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Petre-Quadrens, O.:  On the Different Phases of the Sleep in the Newborn With Special Reference to the Activated Phase of Phase D , J Neurol Sci 3:151-161 ( (March-April) ) 1965;.
Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.:  Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690 ( (Nov) ) 1957;.
Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.:  Relationship of Eye Movements to Dream Activity , J Exp Psychol 53:339-346 ( (May) ) 1957;.
Berger, R.J.:  Oculomotor Control , Psychological Review , to be published.
Ho, T., et al:  Predominance of Electrocortical Sleep Patterns in the "Encéphale Isolé" Cat and New Evidence for a Sleep Center , Physiol Bohemoslov 9:85-92 ( (March) ) 1960;.
Hodes, R.:  Electrocortical Synchronization Resulting Form Reduced Proprioceptive Drive Caused by Neuromuscular Blocking Agents , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 14:220-232 ( (April) ) 1962;.
Adey, W.R.; Kado, R.T.; and Walter, D.O.:  Computer Analysis of EEG Data from Gemini GT-7 Flight , Aerospace Med 38:345-359 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Maulsby, R.L.:  Electroencephalogram During Orbital Flight , Aerospace Med 37:1022-1026 ( (Oct) ) 1966;.
Adey, W.R; Dunlop, C.W.; and Hendrix, C.E.:  Hippocampal Slow Waves: Distribution and Phase Relationships in the Course of Approach Learning , Arch Neurol 3:74-90 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Smith, M.C.:  The Use of Marchi Staining in the Later Stages of Human Tract Degeneration , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 14:222-225 ( (Aug) ) 1951;.
Reite, M.L., et al:  Normal Sleep Patterns in Macaque Monkey , Arch Neurol 12:133-144 ( (Feb) ) 1965;.
Adey, W.R.; Rhodes, J.M.; and Kado, R.T.:  Sleep: Cortical and Subcortical Recordings in Chimpanzee , Science 141:932-933 ( (Sept 6) ) 1963;.
Bremer, F.:  Cerveau Isolé et Physiologie du Sommeil , C R Soc Biol 118:1235-1242 ( (March 22) ) 1935;.
Batini, C., et al:  Persistent Patterns of Wakefulness in the Pretrigeminal Midpontine Section , Science 128:30-32 ( (July 4) ) 1958;.
Batsel, H.L., and Gauch, R.R.:  Synchronization and Desynchronization in the Chronic Cerveau Isolé of the Dog , Physiologist 1( (4) ):4 (Aug) 1958;.
Adametz, J.H.:  Rate of Recovery of Functioning in Cats With Rostral Reticular Lesions , J Neurosurg 16:85-97 ( (Jan) ) 1959;.
Jouvet, M.:  Récherches sur les structures nerveuses et les méchanismes responsables des differentes phases du sommeil physiologique , Arch Ital Biol 100:125-206 ( (March 21) ) 1962;.
Jouvet, M.:  Neurophysiology of the States of Sleep , Physiol Rev 47:117-177 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Roger, A.; Rossi, G.F.; and Zirondoli, A.:  Le rôle des afférences des nerfs crâniens dans le maintien de l'etat vigile de la préparation "encéphale isolé," Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 8:1-13 ( (Feb) ) 1956;.
Koch, E.:  Die Irradiation der Pressoreceptorischen Kreislaufreflexe , Klin Wschr 11:225-227 ( (Feb 6) ) 1932;.
Baust, W., and Heinemann, H.:  The Role of Baroreceptors and of Blood Pressure in the Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness , Exp Brain Res 3:12-24 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Costin, A., et al:  Influence of Body Position on Subcortical and Rhinencephalic EEG in the Cat , Physiologist 10:148 ( (Aug) ) 1967;.
Torres, F., and Shapiro, S.E.:  Electroencephalograms in Whiplash Injury , Arch Neurol 5:28-35 ( (July) ) 1961;.
Randt, C.T., and Collins, W.F.:  Sensory Deprivation in the Cat , Arch Neurol 2:565-572 ( (May) ) 1960;.
Agnew, H.W.; Webb, W.B.; and Williams, R.L.:  The Effects of Stage Four Sleep Deprivation , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 17:68-70 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Altshuler, K.A., and Brebbia, D.R:  Body Movement as a Contaminant in Psychophysiological Studies of Sleep , Psychophysiology 3:327-335 ( (April) ) 1967;.

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Klein, M.: Etude polygraphique et phylogenique des états de sommeil, thesis, Lyon, 1963.
Valatx, J.-L.: Ontogenèse des Différents Etats de Sommeil, thesis, Lyon, 1963.
Parmelee, A.H., et al:  Sleep States in Premature Infants , Develop Med Child Neurol 9:70-77 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Petre-Quadrens, O.:  On the Different Phases of the Sleep in the Newborn With Special Reference to the Activated Phase of Phase D , J Neurol Sci 3:151-161 ( (March-April) ) 1965;.
Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.:  Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690 ( (Nov) ) 1957;.
Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.:  Relationship of Eye Movements to Dream Activity , J Exp Psychol 53:339-346 ( (May) ) 1957;.
Berger, R.J.:  Oculomotor Control , Psychological Review , to be published.
Ho, T., et al:  Predominance of Electrocortical Sleep Patterns in the "Encéphale Isolé" Cat and New Evidence for a Sleep Center , Physiol Bohemoslov 9:85-92 ( (March) ) 1960;.
Hodes, R.:  Electrocortical Synchronization Resulting Form Reduced Proprioceptive Drive Caused by Neuromuscular Blocking Agents , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 14:220-232 ( (April) ) 1962;.
Adey, W.R.; Kado, R.T.; and Walter, D.O.:  Computer Analysis of EEG Data from Gemini GT-7 Flight , Aerospace Med 38:345-359 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Maulsby, R.L.:  Electroencephalogram During Orbital Flight , Aerospace Med 37:1022-1026 ( (Oct) ) 1966;.
Adey, W.R; Dunlop, C.W.; and Hendrix, C.E.:  Hippocampal Slow Waves: Distribution and Phase Relationships in the Course of Approach Learning , Arch Neurol 3:74-90 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Smith, M.C.:  The Use of Marchi Staining in the Later Stages of Human Tract Degeneration , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 14:222-225 ( (Aug) ) 1951;.
Reite, M.L., et al:  Normal Sleep Patterns in Macaque Monkey , Arch Neurol 12:133-144 ( (Feb) ) 1965;.
Adey, W.R.; Rhodes, J.M.; and Kado, R.T.:  Sleep: Cortical and Subcortical Recordings in Chimpanzee , Science 141:932-933 ( (Sept 6) ) 1963;.
Bremer, F.:  Cerveau Isolé et Physiologie du Sommeil , C R Soc Biol 118:1235-1242 ( (March 22) ) 1935;.
Batini, C., et al:  Persistent Patterns of Wakefulness in the Pretrigeminal Midpontine Section , Science 128:30-32 ( (July 4) ) 1958;.
Batsel, H.L., and Gauch, R.R.:  Synchronization and Desynchronization in the Chronic Cerveau Isolé of the Dog , Physiologist 1( (4) ):4 (Aug) 1958;.
Adametz, J.H.:  Rate of Recovery of Functioning in Cats With Rostral Reticular Lesions , J Neurosurg 16:85-97 ( (Jan) ) 1959;.
Jouvet, M.:  Récherches sur les structures nerveuses et les méchanismes responsables des differentes phases du sommeil physiologique , Arch Ital Biol 100:125-206 ( (March 21) ) 1962;.
Jouvet, M.:  Neurophysiology of the States of Sleep , Physiol Rev 47:117-177 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Roger, A.; Rossi, G.F.; and Zirondoli, A.:  Le rôle des afférences des nerfs crâniens dans le maintien de l'etat vigile de la préparation "encéphale isolé," Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 8:1-13 ( (Feb) ) 1956;.
Koch, E.:  Die Irradiation der Pressoreceptorischen Kreislaufreflexe , Klin Wschr 11:225-227 ( (Feb 6) ) 1932;.
Baust, W., and Heinemann, H.:  The Role of Baroreceptors and of Blood Pressure in the Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness , Exp Brain Res 3:12-24 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Costin, A., et al:  Influence of Body Position on Subcortical and Rhinencephalic EEG in the Cat , Physiologist 10:148 ( (Aug) ) 1967;.
Torres, F., and Shapiro, S.E.:  Electroencephalograms in Whiplash Injury , Arch Neurol 5:28-35 ( (July) ) 1961;.
Randt, C.T., and Collins, W.F.:  Sensory Deprivation in the Cat , Arch Neurol 2:565-572 ( (May) ) 1960;.
Agnew, H.W.; Webb, W.B.; and Williams, R.L.:  The Effects of Stage Four Sleep Deprivation , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 17:68-70 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Altshuler, K.A., and Brebbia, D.R:  Body Movement as a Contaminant in Psychophysiological Studies of Sleep , Psychophysiology 3:327-335 ( (April) ) 1967;.

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