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April 1967, Vol 16, No. 4 >
Article | April 1967

Cholinesterase in Adult and Embryonic Hypothalamus: Title and subTitle BreakA Combined Cytochemical Electron Microscopic Study

Philip E. Duffy, MD; Virginia M. Tennyson, PhD; Miro Brzin, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication Nov 29, 1966; accepted Dec 9.

Reprint requests to 630 W 168th St, New York 10032 (Dr. Duffy).


Arch Neurol. 1967;16(4):385-403. doi:10.1001/archneur.1967.00470220049006
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Comments

THE UNDERSTANDING of the functional significance of the hypothalamus, median eminence, and portal veins to the pituitary may be extended by publications which demonstrate the localization of enzymes in these sites. Although various nerve cells in the hypothalamus have been studied electron microscopically for cholinesterase,1,2 we believe that it is important to specifically select certain nuclear groups for more detailed examination. In the present study the supraoptic, ventromedial, and medial mamillary nuclei of adult rabbits were examined employing a modification of the Koelle-Friedenwald technique.3-5 An embryologic study was also performed to determine at what stage in embryonic life this enzyme is first detected in the hypothalamus and to trace its intraneuronal distribution in later stages of development.

The relationship of certain hypothalamic nuclei and of the median eminence to the pituitary gland has been the subject of many publications. The role of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of

REFERENCES

1 +
Mori, S.; Maeda, T.; and Shimizu, N.:  Electron-Microscopic Histochemistry of Cholinesterases in the Rat Brain , Histochemie 4:65-72, 1964;.
2 +
Shute, C.C.D., and Lewis, P.R.:  Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Pathways in the Hypothalamus , Brit Med Bull 22:221-226 ( (No. 3) ), 1966;.
3 +
Brzin, M.; Tennyson, V.M.; and Duffy, P.: " Combined Cytochemical-Electron Microscopic Localization of Cholinesterase in the Nervous System ," in Yahr, M. (ed.): Biochemistry and Pharmacology of the Basal Ganglia , to be published.
4 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Electron Microscopic Localization of Acetylcholinesterase in the Neurons of Frog Sympathetic Ganglia, abstracted , J Cell Biol 27:105a, 1965;.
5 +
Brzin, M.; Tennyson, V.M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Acetylcholinesterase in Frog Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia: A Study by Electron Microscopic Cytochemistry and Microgasometric Analysis With the Magnetic Diver , J Cell Biol 31:215-242, 1966;.
6 +
Bargmann, W., and Scharrer, E.:  The Site of Origin of the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary , Amer Sci 39:255, 1951;.
7 +
Scharrer, E., and Scharrer, B.:  Hormones Produced by Neurosecretory Cells , Recent Progr Hormone Res 10:183-240, 1954;.
8 +
Legait, H.: Contribution a l'étude morphologique et expérimentale du systéme hypothalamoneurohypophysaire de la Poule Rhode Island, thesis, Catholic University of Louvain, Nancy, 1959.
9 +
Sloper, J.C.: " Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal Neurosecretion ," in Bourne, G. H., and Danielli, J. F. (eds.): International Review of Cytology , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1958;, vol 7, pp 337-389.
10 +
Green, J.D., and Maxwell, D.S.: " Comparative Anatomy of the Hypophysis and Observations on the Mechanism of Neurosecretion ," in Gorbman, A. (ed.): Columbia University Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology , New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1959;, pp 368-392.
11 +
Green, J.D.:  The Comparative Anatomy of the Hypophysis, With Special Reference to Its Blood Supply and Innervation , Amer J Anat 88:225-312, 1951;.
12 +
Popa, G.T., and Fielding, U.:  A Portal Circulation From the Pituitary to the Hypothalamic Re gion , J Anat Lond 65:88-91, 1930;.
13 +
Wislocki, G.B., and King, L.S.:  The Permeability of the Hypophysis and Hypothalamus to Vital Dyes, With a Study of the Hypophyseal Vascular Supply , Amer J Anat 58:421-472, 1936;.
14 +
Wislocki, G.B.:  The Vascular Supply of the Hypophysis Cerebri of the Cat , Anat Rec 69:361-387, 1937;.
15 +
Wislocki, G.B.:  The Vascular Supply of the Hypophysis Cerebri of the Rhesus Monkey and Man , Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 17:48-68, 1938;.
16 +
Green, J.D., and Harris, G.W.:  Neurovascular Link Between the Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis , J Endocr 5:136-146, 1947;.
17 +
McConnell, E.M.:  The Arterial Blood Supply of the Human Hypophysis Cerebri , Anat Rec 115:175-203, 1953;.
18 +
Xuereb, G.P.; Prichard, M.M.L.; and Daniel, P.M.:  The Hypophyseal Portal System of Vessels in Man , Quart J Exp Physiol 39:219-229, 1954;.
19 +
Harris, G.W.:  Neuroendocrine Relations , Res Publ Assoc Nerv Ment Dis 40:380-405, 1960;.
20 +
Diepen, R.: " Der Hypothalamus ," in von Mollendorff, W. (ed.): Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin: Springer-Verlag, vol 4, part 7, 1962;.
21 +
Everett, J.W.: " Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Control of the Mammalian Ovary ," in Gorbman, A. (ed.): Columbia University Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology , New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958;, pp 174-186.
22 +
Benoit, J., and Assenmacher, I.:  Le controle hypothalamique de l'activité préhypophysaire gonadrotrope , J Physiol (Paris) 47:527-567, 1955;.
23 +
Benoit, J., and Assenmacher, I.:  The Control by Visible Radiations of the Gonadotropic Activity of the Duck Hypophysis , Rec Progr Hormore Res 15:143-164, 1959;.
24 +
Okamoto, S., and Ihara, Y.:  Neural and Neurovascular Connections Between the Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Center and the Adenohypophysis , Anat Rec 137:485-499, 1960;.
25 +
Vazquez-Lopez, E.:  Innervation of the Rabbit Adenohypophysis , J Endocr 6:158-168, 1949;.
26 +
Ralph, C.L.:  Some Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on Gonadotrophin Release in the Hen , Anat Rec 134:411-428, 1959;.
27 +
Stutinsky, F.: " Rapports du neurosécrétat hypothalamique avec l'adenohypophyse dans des conditions normales et expérimentales ," in Curri, S. B.; Martini, L.; and Kovac, W. (eds.): Pathophysiologia Diencephalica , Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1958;, pp 79-103.
28 +
Rinné, U.K.:  Neurosecretory Material Around the Hypophyseal Portal Vessels in the Median Eminence of the Rat , Acta Endocr 35( (suppl 57) ): 1960;, pp 1-108.
29 +
Wingstrand, K.G.: The Structure and Development of the Avian Pituitary , Lund, Sweden: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1951;.
30 +
Palay, S.L., et al:  Fixation of Neural Tissues for Electron Microscopy by Perfusion With Solutions of Osmium Tetroxide , J Cell Biol 12:385-410, 1962;.
31 +
Sabatini, D.D.; Bensch, K.; and Barrnett, R.J.:  Cytochemistry and Electron Microscopy: The Preservation of Cellular Ultrastructure and Enzymatic Activity by Aldehyde Fixation , J Cell Biol 17:19-58, 1963;.
32 +
Pearse, A.G.E.: " Carboxylic Esterases ," in Pe&rse, A. G. E. (ed.): Histochemistry Theoretical and Applied , Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960;, p 456.
33 +
Luft, J.H.:  Permanganate: A New Fixative for Electron Microscopy , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2:799, 1956;.
34 +
Holmstedt, B.:  A Modification of the Thiocholine Method for the Determination of Cholinesterase: II. Histochemical Application , Acta Physiol Scand 40:331, 1957;.
35 +
Palade, G.E.:  A Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J Exp Med 95:285, 1952;.
36 +
Dossel, W.E.:  On the Fixation of Embryonic Avian Tissue for Electron Microscopy, abstracted , Anat Rec 154:499-500, 1966;.
37 +
Oksche, A.: " The Fine Nervous, Neurosecretory, and Glial Structure of the Median Eminence in the White-Crowned Sparrow ," in Heller, H., and Clark, R.B. (eds.): Neurosecretion , New York: Academic Press, 1962;, pp 199-206.
38 +
Barry, J., and Cottee, G.:  Etude preliminaire, au microscope electronique, de l'Eminence Mediane Du Cobaye , Z Zellforsch 53:714-724, 1961;.
39 +
Oota, Y., and Kobayashi, H.:  Fine Structure of the Median Eminence and Pars Nervosa of the Pigeon , Annot Zool Jap 35:128-138. 1962;.
40 +
Oota, Y., and Kobayashi, H.:  Fine Structure of the Median Eminence and Pars Nervosa of the Bullfrog , Z Zellforsch 60:667-687, 1963;.
41 +
Hirano, T.; Ishii, S.; and Kobayashi, H.:  Effects of Prolongation of Daily Photoperiod on Gonadal Development and Neurohypophyseal Hormone Activity in the Median Eminence and the Pars Nervosa of the Passerine Bird, Zosterops palpebrosa japonica , Annot Zool Jap 35:67-71, 1962;.
42 +
Green, J.D., and van Breeman, V.L.:  Electron Microscopy of the Pituitary and Observations on Neurosecretion , Amer J Anat 97:177-203, 1955;.
43 +
Mazzuca, M.:  Structure fine de l'eminence médiane du cobaye , J Micro 4:225-238 ( (No. 2) ), 1965;.
44 +
Palay, S.L.: " The Fine Structure of the Neurohypophysis ," in Waelsch, H. (ed.): Progress in Neurobiology: II. Ultrastructure and Cellular Chemistry of Neural Tissue , New York: P. B. Hoeber-Harper, 1957;, p 249.
45 +
Roth, L.A., and Luse, S.A.:  Fine Structure of the Neurohypophysis of the Opposum , J Cell Biol 20:459-472, 1964;.
46 +
Lederis, K.:  An Electron Microscopical Study of the Human Neurohypophysis , Z Zellforsch 65:847-868, 1965;.
47 +
Duffy, P.E., and Menefee, M.:  Electron Microscopic Observations of Neurosecretory Granules, Nerve and Glial Fibers, and Blood Vessels in the Median Eminence of the Rabbit , Amer J Anat 117:251-286 ( (No. 2) ), 1965;.
48 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Cholinesterase Localization in the Developing Nervous System of the Rabbit Embryo and Human Fetus by Electron Microscopic Histochemistry, abstracted , Anat Rec 154:432, 1966;.
49 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Cholinesterase Localization in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of the Rabbit Embryo by Electron Microscopic Histochemistry, abstracted , J Neuropath Exp Neurol , to be published.
50 +
Campbell, H.J.:  The Development of the Primary Portal Plexus in the Median Eminence of the Rabbit , J Anat 100:381-387, 1966;.
51 +
Jacobson, D.:  Development of Female Rats Injected Shortly After Birth With Testosterone or Anabolic Steroids , Acta Endocr 45:402-414, 1964;.
52 +
Campbell, H.J.:  The Effect of Neonatal Hormone Treatment on Reproduction in the Rabbit , J Physiol (London) 176:29-30, 1965;.
53 +
Campbell, H.J.:  Effects of Neonatal Injections of Hormones on Sexual Behavior and Reproduction in the Rabbit , J Physiol (London) 181:568-576, 1965;.
54 +
Enemar, A.: The Development of the Hypophysial Vascular System in Amniota, thesis, University of Lund, Sweden, 1961.
55 +
Assenmacher, I.:  La vascularisation du complexe hypophysaire chez le canard domestique: II. Le développement embryologique de l'appareil vasculaire hypophysaire , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 41:107-152 ( (No. 2) ), 1952;.
56 +
Jost, A.: " Anterior Pituitary Function in Foetal Life ," in Harris, G. W., and Donovan, B. T. (eds.): The Pituitary Gland , Los Angeles: University of California Press, vol 2, 1966;.
57 +
Wells, L.J.:  Some Experimental Evidence of Production of Adrenotrophin by the Fetal Hypophysis , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 68:487, 1948;.
58 +
Jost, A.:  Sur le développement de la thyröide, chez le foetus de lapin décapité , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 42:168-183, 1953;.
59 +
Jost, A.:  Recherches sur la différenciation sexuelle de l'embryon de Lapin: IV. Organogenése sexuelle masculine aprés décapitation du foetus , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 40:247-281, 1951;.
60 +
Jost, A.:  Recherches sur la differenciation sexuelle de l'embryon de Lapin: II. Role des gonades foetales dans la differenciation sexuelle somatique , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 36:271-315, 1947;.
61 +
Jost, A., and Gonse, P.:  Application de la method á l'áide periodique-Schiff (MacManus), á l'étude histophysiologique de l'hypophyse foetale du Lapin , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 42:243-273, 1953;.
62 +
Koelle, G.B.:  The Histochemical Localization of Cholinesterase in the Central Nervous System of the Rat , J Comp Neurol 100:211-235, 1954;.
63 +
Arvy, L.:  Histochemical Demonstration of Enzymatic Activities in Neurosecretory Centres of Some Homoiothermic Animals , Mem Soc Endocr 12:215-225, 1962;.
64 +
Holmes, R.L., in discussion, De Robertis, E. Mem Soc Endoc 12:18, 1962;.
65 +
Kobayashi, H., and Farner, D.S.:  Cholinesterases in the Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Neurosecretory System of the White-Crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia Leucophrys Gambelii , Z Zellforsch 63:965-973, 1964;.
66 +
Pearse, A.G.: " Esterases of the Hypothalamus and Neurohypophysis and Their Functional Significance ," in Carri, S. B.; Martini, L.; and Kovac, W. (eds.): Pathophysiologica , Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1958;, pp 329-335.
67 +
Kivalo, E.; Rinné, M.K.; and Mäkelä, S.:  Acetylcholinesterase, Acid Phosphatase, and Succinic Dehydrogenase in the Hypothalamic Magnocellular Nuclei After Chlorpromazine Administration , Experientia 14:293-296, 1958;.
68 +
Lewis, P.R.; Pine, A.B.; and Shute, C.C.D.:  The Electron Microscopic Distribution of Cholinesterase in Rat Brain , J Physiol (London) 181:15, 1965;.
69 +
Nachmansohn, D.: " Chemical Control of Ion Movements Across Conducting Membranes ," in Sela, M. (ed.): New Perspectives in Biology , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Library, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co., vol 4, 1964;, p 176.
70 +
Nachmansohn, D.: Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1959;.
71 +
Nachmansohn, D.:  Chemical Control of Bioelectric Currents in Membranes of Conducting Cells , J Mount Sinai Hosp NY 31:549, 1964;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Mori, S.; Maeda, T.; and Shimizu, N.:  Electron-Microscopic Histochemistry of Cholinesterases in the Rat Brain , Histochemie 4:65-72, 1964;.
2 +
Shute, C.C.D., and Lewis, P.R.:  Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Pathways in the Hypothalamus , Brit Med Bull 22:221-226 ( (No. 3) ), 1966;.
3 +
Brzin, M.; Tennyson, V.M.; and Duffy, P.: " Combined Cytochemical-Electron Microscopic Localization of Cholinesterase in the Nervous System ," in Yahr, M. (ed.): Biochemistry and Pharmacology of the Basal Ganglia , to be published.
4 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Electron Microscopic Localization of Acetylcholinesterase in the Neurons of Frog Sympathetic Ganglia, abstracted , J Cell Biol 27:105a, 1965;.
5 +
Brzin, M.; Tennyson, V.M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Acetylcholinesterase in Frog Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia: A Study by Electron Microscopic Cytochemistry and Microgasometric Analysis With the Magnetic Diver , J Cell Biol 31:215-242, 1966;.
6 +
Bargmann, W., and Scharrer, E.:  The Site of Origin of the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary , Amer Sci 39:255, 1951;.
7 +
Scharrer, E., and Scharrer, B.:  Hormones Produced by Neurosecretory Cells , Recent Progr Hormone Res 10:183-240, 1954;.
8 +
Legait, H.: Contribution a l'étude morphologique et expérimentale du systéme hypothalamoneurohypophysaire de la Poule Rhode Island, thesis, Catholic University of Louvain, Nancy, 1959.
9 +
Sloper, J.C.: " Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal Neurosecretion ," in Bourne, G. H., and Danielli, J. F. (eds.): International Review of Cytology , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1958;, vol 7, pp 337-389.
10 +
Green, J.D., and Maxwell, D.S.: " Comparative Anatomy of the Hypophysis and Observations on the Mechanism of Neurosecretion ," in Gorbman, A. (ed.): Columbia University Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology , New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1959;, pp 368-392.
11 +
Green, J.D.:  The Comparative Anatomy of the Hypophysis, With Special Reference to Its Blood Supply and Innervation , Amer J Anat 88:225-312, 1951;.
12 +
Popa, G.T., and Fielding, U.:  A Portal Circulation From the Pituitary to the Hypothalamic Re gion , J Anat Lond 65:88-91, 1930;.
13 +
Wislocki, G.B., and King, L.S.:  The Permeability of the Hypophysis and Hypothalamus to Vital Dyes, With a Study of the Hypophyseal Vascular Supply , Amer J Anat 58:421-472, 1936;.
14 +
Wislocki, G.B.:  The Vascular Supply of the Hypophysis Cerebri of the Cat , Anat Rec 69:361-387, 1937;.
15 +
Wislocki, G.B.:  The Vascular Supply of the Hypophysis Cerebri of the Rhesus Monkey and Man , Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 17:48-68, 1938;.
16 +
Green, J.D., and Harris, G.W.:  Neurovascular Link Between the Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis , J Endocr 5:136-146, 1947;.
17 +
McConnell, E.M.:  The Arterial Blood Supply of the Human Hypophysis Cerebri , Anat Rec 115:175-203, 1953;.
18 +
Xuereb, G.P.; Prichard, M.M.L.; and Daniel, P.M.:  The Hypophyseal Portal System of Vessels in Man , Quart J Exp Physiol 39:219-229, 1954;.
19 +
Harris, G.W.:  Neuroendocrine Relations , Res Publ Assoc Nerv Ment Dis 40:380-405, 1960;.
20 +
Diepen, R.: " Der Hypothalamus ," in von Mollendorff, W. (ed.): Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin: Springer-Verlag, vol 4, part 7, 1962;.
21 +
Everett, J.W.: " Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Control of the Mammalian Ovary ," in Gorbman, A. (ed.): Columbia University Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology , New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958;, pp 174-186.
22 +
Benoit, J., and Assenmacher, I.:  Le controle hypothalamique de l'activité préhypophysaire gonadrotrope , J Physiol (Paris) 47:527-567, 1955;.
23 +
Benoit, J., and Assenmacher, I.:  The Control by Visible Radiations of the Gonadotropic Activity of the Duck Hypophysis , Rec Progr Hormore Res 15:143-164, 1959;.
24 +
Okamoto, S., and Ihara, Y.:  Neural and Neurovascular Connections Between the Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Center and the Adenohypophysis , Anat Rec 137:485-499, 1960;.
25 +
Vazquez-Lopez, E.:  Innervation of the Rabbit Adenohypophysis , J Endocr 6:158-168, 1949;.
26 +
Ralph, C.L.:  Some Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on Gonadotrophin Release in the Hen , Anat Rec 134:411-428, 1959;.
27 +
Stutinsky, F.: " Rapports du neurosécrétat hypothalamique avec l'adenohypophyse dans des conditions normales et expérimentales ," in Curri, S. B.; Martini, L.; and Kovac, W. (eds.): Pathophysiologia Diencephalica , Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1958;, pp 79-103.
28 +
Rinné, U.K.:  Neurosecretory Material Around the Hypophyseal Portal Vessels in the Median Eminence of the Rat , Acta Endocr 35( (suppl 57) ): 1960;, pp 1-108.
29 +
Wingstrand, K.G.: The Structure and Development of the Avian Pituitary , Lund, Sweden: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1951;.
30 +
Palay, S.L., et al:  Fixation of Neural Tissues for Electron Microscopy by Perfusion With Solutions of Osmium Tetroxide , J Cell Biol 12:385-410, 1962;.
31 +
Sabatini, D.D.; Bensch, K.; and Barrnett, R.J.:  Cytochemistry and Electron Microscopy: The Preservation of Cellular Ultrastructure and Enzymatic Activity by Aldehyde Fixation , J Cell Biol 17:19-58, 1963;.
32 +
Pearse, A.G.E.: " Carboxylic Esterases ," in Pe&rse, A. G. E. (ed.): Histochemistry Theoretical and Applied , Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960;, p 456.
33 +
Luft, J.H.:  Permanganate: A New Fixative for Electron Microscopy , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2:799, 1956;.
34 +
Holmstedt, B.:  A Modification of the Thiocholine Method for the Determination of Cholinesterase: II. Histochemical Application , Acta Physiol Scand 40:331, 1957;.
35 +
Palade, G.E.:  A Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J Exp Med 95:285, 1952;.
36 +
Dossel, W.E.:  On the Fixation of Embryonic Avian Tissue for Electron Microscopy, abstracted , Anat Rec 154:499-500, 1966;.
37 +
Oksche, A.: " The Fine Nervous, Neurosecretory, and Glial Structure of the Median Eminence in the White-Crowned Sparrow ," in Heller, H., and Clark, R.B. (eds.): Neurosecretion , New York: Academic Press, 1962;, pp 199-206.
38 +
Barry, J., and Cottee, G.:  Etude preliminaire, au microscope electronique, de l'Eminence Mediane Du Cobaye , Z Zellforsch 53:714-724, 1961;.
39 +
Oota, Y., and Kobayashi, H.:  Fine Structure of the Median Eminence and Pars Nervosa of the Pigeon , Annot Zool Jap 35:128-138. 1962;.
40 +
Oota, Y., and Kobayashi, H.:  Fine Structure of the Median Eminence and Pars Nervosa of the Bullfrog , Z Zellforsch 60:667-687, 1963;.
41 +
Hirano, T.; Ishii, S.; and Kobayashi, H.:  Effects of Prolongation of Daily Photoperiod on Gonadal Development and Neurohypophyseal Hormone Activity in the Median Eminence and the Pars Nervosa of the Passerine Bird, Zosterops palpebrosa japonica , Annot Zool Jap 35:67-71, 1962;.
42 +
Green, J.D., and van Breeman, V.L.:  Electron Microscopy of the Pituitary and Observations on Neurosecretion , Amer J Anat 97:177-203, 1955;.
43 +
Mazzuca, M.:  Structure fine de l'eminence médiane du cobaye , J Micro 4:225-238 ( (No. 2) ), 1965;.
44 +
Palay, S.L.: " The Fine Structure of the Neurohypophysis ," in Waelsch, H. (ed.): Progress in Neurobiology: II. Ultrastructure and Cellular Chemistry of Neural Tissue , New York: P. B. Hoeber-Harper, 1957;, p 249.
45 +
Roth, L.A., and Luse, S.A.:  Fine Structure of the Neurohypophysis of the Opposum , J Cell Biol 20:459-472, 1964;.
46 +
Lederis, K.:  An Electron Microscopical Study of the Human Neurohypophysis , Z Zellforsch 65:847-868, 1965;.
47 +
Duffy, P.E., and Menefee, M.:  Electron Microscopic Observations of Neurosecretory Granules, Nerve and Glial Fibers, and Blood Vessels in the Median Eminence of the Rabbit , Amer J Anat 117:251-286 ( (No. 2) ), 1965;.
48 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Cholinesterase Localization in the Developing Nervous System of the Rabbit Embryo and Human Fetus by Electron Microscopic Histochemistry, abstracted , Anat Rec 154:432, 1966;.
49 +
Tennyson, V.M.; Brzin, M.; and Duffy, P.E.:  Cholinesterase Localization in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of the Rabbit Embryo by Electron Microscopic Histochemistry, abstracted , J Neuropath Exp Neurol , to be published.
50 +
Campbell, H.J.:  The Development of the Primary Portal Plexus in the Median Eminence of the Rabbit , J Anat 100:381-387, 1966;.
51 +
Jacobson, D.:  Development of Female Rats Injected Shortly After Birth With Testosterone or Anabolic Steroids , Acta Endocr 45:402-414, 1964;.
52 +
Campbell, H.J.:  The Effect of Neonatal Hormone Treatment on Reproduction in the Rabbit , J Physiol (London) 176:29-30, 1965;.
53 +
Campbell, H.J.:  Effects of Neonatal Injections of Hormones on Sexual Behavior and Reproduction in the Rabbit , J Physiol (London) 181:568-576, 1965;.
54 +
Enemar, A.: The Development of the Hypophysial Vascular System in Amniota, thesis, University of Lund, Sweden, 1961.
55 +
Assenmacher, I.:  La vascularisation du complexe hypophysaire chez le canard domestique: II. Le développement embryologique de l'appareil vasculaire hypophysaire , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 41:107-152 ( (No. 2) ), 1952;.
56 +
Jost, A.: " Anterior Pituitary Function in Foetal Life ," in Harris, G. W., and Donovan, B. T. (eds.): The Pituitary Gland , Los Angeles: University of California Press, vol 2, 1966;.
57 +
Wells, L.J.:  Some Experimental Evidence of Production of Adrenotrophin by the Fetal Hypophysis , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 68:487, 1948;.
58 +
Jost, A.:  Sur le développement de la thyröide, chez le foetus de lapin décapité , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 42:168-183, 1953;.
59 +
Jost, A.:  Recherches sur la différenciation sexuelle de l'embryon de Lapin: IV. Organogenése sexuelle masculine aprés décapitation du foetus , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 40:247-281, 1951;.
60 +
Jost, A.:  Recherches sur la differenciation sexuelle de l'embryon de Lapin: II. Role des gonades foetales dans la differenciation sexuelle somatique , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 36:271-315, 1947;.
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Jost, A., and Gonse, P.:  Application de la method á l'áide periodique-Schiff (MacManus), á l'étude histophysiologique de l'hypophyse foetale du Lapin , Arch Anat Micr Morph Exp 42:243-273, 1953;.
62 +
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63 +
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64 +
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Kobayashi, H., and Farner, D.S.:  Cholinesterases in the Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Neurosecretory System of the White-Crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia Leucophrys Gambelii , Z Zellforsch 63:965-973, 1964;.
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Pearse, A.G.: " Esterases of the Hypothalamus and Neurohypophysis and Their Functional Significance ," in Carri, S. B.; Martini, L.; and Kovac, W. (eds.): Pathophysiologica , Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1958;, pp 329-335.
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Kivalo, E.; Rinné, M.K.; and Mäkelä, S.:  Acetylcholinesterase, Acid Phosphatase, and Succinic Dehydrogenase in the Hypothalamic Magnocellular Nuclei After Chlorpromazine Administration , Experientia 14:293-296, 1958;.
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Nachmansohn, D.: " Chemical Control of Ion Movements Across Conducting Membranes ," in Sela, M. (ed.): New Perspectives in Biology , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Library, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co., vol 4, 1964;, p 176.
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71 +
Nachmansohn, D.:  Chemical Control of Bioelectric Currents in Membranes of Conducting Cells , J Mount Sinai Hosp NY 31:549, 1964;.

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